Examples

The following sub-sections provide examples of citations and references. These cover:

The guides for referencing styles such as Harvard and IEEE will cover the typical information that is helpful for your readers to find the sources that you have accessed. There may be sources that are not explicitly covered. In that situation, base your reference on the nearest source possible.

IEEE examples

The IEEE Referencing Guide includes many examples relevant for different sources. Three common examples are listed below, but consult the document for more details.

Book (print)

When referencing a printed book, follow this order:

  • Author/editor (Initials followed by Surname)

  • Title of the chapter (only needed if relevant for the citation)

  • Title of the book (in double quotes)

  • Edition (not needed if this is the first edition)

  • City of publication

  • State (if published in USA)

  • Country

  • Name of publisher (this can be abbreviated if there is a common abbreviation)

  • Year

  • Chapter number (only if needed for the citation)

  • Section number (only if needed for the citation)

  • Page or page range (only if needed for the citation)

An example is:

E. Evans, "Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software",
Westford, MA, USA, Addison-Wesley, 2004.

Note

This and the following examples are split across multiple lines for formatting purposes in this document. When using references in your documents, each reference can flow over multiple lines but avoid inserting line breaks in a single reference.

Ebook

If the book is only available as an e-book, use the general guidance for Book (print) with the following ammendments:

  • Page numbers may not be relevant for some online books. If the book is made available as a PDF format, page numbers can still be relevant. If the book is made available as in e-Pub format (or similar) then page numbers are not relevant.

  • Add [Online] Available: at the end of the information and provide the URL for the book.

An example is:

T. Bödecs, "Practical Server Side Swift", 2020,
[Online] Available: https://gumroad.com/l/practical-server-side-swift

Conference paper

When referencing a conference paper, follow this order:

  • Author (Initials followed by Surname)

  • Title of the paper (in double quotes)

  • Conference name (this can be abbreviated if there is a common abbreviation)

  • City of conference

  • State (if the conference was in USA)

  • Country

  • Month

  • Days (if available and needed for the citation)

  • Year

  • Paper number (if used by the conference)

  • Digital Object Identifier (DOI) (if available)

If the paper is available online, add [Online] Available: followed by the URL. See also Using URLs, below.

An example is:

E. M. Maximilien and L. Williams, "Assessing test-driven development at IBM",
25th International Conference on Software Engineering, 2003. Proceedings.,
Portland, OR, USA, 2003, pp. 564-569, doi: 10.1109/ICSE.2003.1201238.

Periodical/Journal

When referencing an article in a periodical, follow this order:

  • Author (Initials followed by Surname)

  • Title of the paper (in double quotes)

  • Conference name (this can be abbreviated if there is a common abbreviation)

  • Volume Number

  • Number in the volume (if relevant for the periodical)

  • Pages

  • Month

  • Year

  • Digital Object Identifier (DOI) (if available)

B. W. Boehm, "A spiral model of software development and enhancement",
IEEE Computer, Computer, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 61-72, May 1988,
doi: 10.1109/2.59.

Website

When referencing a website, follow this order:

  • Author (Initials, followed by Surname)

  • Page title

  • Website title

  • Date published

  • Web address

  • Date accessed

The Author can be difficult to identify for some web pages. If you can’t identify a specific author, the name of the company or organisation may be a suitable alternative.

Some sites list dates when the information was published. If available, include the date so that it shows the context of how recent the source was produced. If there isn’t a date, you can ommit that item or use no date.

See also Using URLs, below.

An example is:

A. Feder "How to use BibTeX" bibtex.org (2006)
http://www.bibtex.org/Using/ (accessed September 12, 2020)

Using URLs

Section III, NOTES ABOUT ONLINE REFERENCES, in IEEE Referencing Guide discusses different ways to include internet references.

IEEE citations example

Here is an example of a piece of scientific writing that has been written purely for the purposes of illustrating citation and referencing; it is not necessarily scientifically accurate.

Methods commonly used for interpreting analytical data include partial least squares regression [8], artificial neural networks [1], Genetic Programming [2], [12], and other methods based on evolutionary algorithms, including Genetic Algorithms [10]. To select a model that generalizes sufficiently to provide a meaningful prediction on unseen data it is normally essential that models are tested on data not used in model formation or selection [5]. However, Eiben and Jelasity [3] point out that “[model] evaluation done on the test set and not the training set is not common practice in the EA community.”

It is often quoted that parsimonious models have greater generality. Cavaretta and Chellapilla [4] considered this issue from a theoretical viewpoint and also undertook an empirical investigation using genetic programming. They concluded that highly complex models could exhibit good generality. Work by Keijzer and Babovic [11] provides further theoretical and empirical evidence that parsimony and generality are not necessarily related.

In this project a system was implemented to illustrate certain aspects of the issues raised by the work described in [3]-[5], [11]. This was done in C++ [15] using EO which is a templates-based, ANSI-C++ compliant evolutionary computation library [13] that is available free of charge. The colour-rendered 3-D surface plots shown in chapter 5 of this report were produced using Matlab [14]. The data set was the one described by Golub in 1999 [6] and available for download [7]. The work in this project has also benefited from the related final year project done last year by Sue Bloggz [9]; the relationship to her work is described in detail in chapter 2. Sections of her source code have been re-used, with her permission, and these are clearly described in chapter 4 and also indicated by comments in the source code that is submitted in the technical work for this project.

The corresponding references would be:

[1] Bishop, C., 1995. Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

[2] Cramer, N.L., 1985. A representation for the adaptive generation of simple sequential programs. In: Grefenstette, J.J. (Ed.), Proceedings of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and their Applications. Carnegie-Mellon University,Pittsburgh, PA, USA, pp. 183-187.

[3] Eiben, A., Jelasity, M., (2002) A critical note on experimental research methodology in EC. In: IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Hawaii, USA, pp 582-587

[4] Cavaretta, M.J., Chellapilla, K., (1999) Data mining using genetic programming: the implications of parsimony on generalization error. In: Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation. Washington, DC, pp. 1330-1337.

[5] Rowland, J.J. (2003) Model selection methodology in supervised learning with evolutionary computation. BioSystems. 72, 1-2, pp 187-196.

[6] Golub, T.R., et. al., (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring with specific chromosomal translocations. Science 286, pp 531-537.

[7] Golub, T. (1999) Molecular Classification of Cancer: Class Discovery and Class Prediction by Gene Expression. (Online) http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/cgi-bin/cancer/datasets.cgi (Accessed 03/03/2010)

[8] Martens, H., Naes, T., (1989) Multivariate Calibration. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

[9] Bloggz, S. M. S. (2004), Parsimony and generality in data mining with evolutionary algorithms, CS39030 Final year project dissertation, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth.

[10] Holland, J. (1975) Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press.

[11] Keijzer, M., Babovic, V.(2000) Genetic programming, ensemble methods and the bias/variance tradeoff-introductory investigations. In: Proceedings of the EuroGP 2000 Conference, vol. 1802 of LNCS. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 76-90.

[12] Koza, J., (1992) Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[13] Dréo, J., Candan, C. and Bouvier, B. (no date) EO Evolutionary Computation Framework (Online) http://eodev.sourceforge.net/ (Accessed 04/02/2020)

[14] The MathWorks, Inc. (2020) Mathworks Website (Online) http://www.mathworks.com/ (Accessed 04/02/2020)

[15] Lischner, R. (2003) C++ in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference. O’Reilly.

Notes on this set of references:

  • Each citation in the text must have a corresponding entry in the list of references.

  • In a technical paper, all items in the list of references must have one or more specific citations from the text, and this document gives a good example of how that would be done. For the final year Major and Minor projects you are required to provide annotated references of all items that you have investigated, not just the items that are finally referenced in your dissertation.

  • Items [1, 8, 10, 12, 15] are books and so do not have page numbers. If you want to refer to a specific page or chapter of a book you can say things like “This algorithm is described in full on pages 119 to 125 of the book by Martens & Naes [8].” The publisher of a book should always be included in the reference, as shown.

  • The page numbers, preceded by pp, are shown for papers in journals, conference proceedings, or chapters in edited books.

  • Some journals just have an issue number, as in [6] above (issue number 286). Others have a volume number and an issue number. In [5] above the volume number is 72; the issues 1 and 2 have been combined into a single issue which is therefore shown as 1-2.

  • The year of publication is shown in brackets for all items other than software or commercial products.

  • Items [7] and [13] provide URLs to downloadable data and software, respectively.

  • Item [14] provides enough information for the interested reader to investigate a commercial product, with a possible view to purchasing a copy.

Harvard examples

Harvard referencing is a popular Author-Date format. Some examples for the Harvard style are available on the Information Services libguides site for Referencing & Plagiarism Awareness.

Annotated references

The following is the example of some entries for an annotated list of references. The project was concerned with a project management system for a construction project. When using annotations you should include a paragraph that describes your thoughts on the referenced item and how it relates to your project. Some entries will be relatively short, whereas you might have more to say about one or two entries. Note that this example includes references to items that are not traditional in computer science - this is an attempt by the author to read around the topic and understand wider issues.

[1] Loosemore, M., Uher T. Essentials of Construction Project Management, UNSW Press, 2003.

This book covers the process of managing large construction projects. In particular, it discusses the production of a design management plan, and how it can be used in managing the construction phase. This is useful for the modelling phase of the project.

[2] Woodward, J. Construction Project Management: Getting It Right First Time, pub. Thomas Telford, 1997.

This book covers the topic of project management information systems and probably reflects the standard present view - computers are good for Gantt charts and cost tracking.

[3] Froese, T., Waugh, L. Project management and computers in the year 2010, Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, Vol. 3, pp.435-444, May 1991.

This paper is somewhat dated now, but gives an idea what people 15 years ago thought IT would do for construction project managers in 2010. From our perspective, it is wrong in several respects, for example, it forecasts that we will all use speech to communicate with our computers in just a few years time now, but it anticipates the kind of design exploration tools that are becoming more common nowadays, that enable you to get answers to “what-if” questions - the kind of forecasting that is invaluable to project management.

[4] Bennett, S., McRobb, S., Farmer, R. Object-oriented systems analysis and design. 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.

An excellent summary of the analysis and design features of UML and how they are used. It contains example applications that will be useful when thinking about how to model the construction project management system.

[5] Eriksson, H., Penker, M., Lyons, B., Fado, D. UML2 Toolkit, Wiley, 2004.

UML2 updates the UML standard, but many of the extra features are related to the needs of Model-Driven Development, and so are not relevant to this project, where modelling with the simpler UML1 will be sufficient.

[6] Stevens, P., Pooley R.Using UML: software engineering with objects and components, Addison-Wesley, 1999

A useful summary of UML when working on the analysis and design. It was too short on examples to be useful when learning how to use the various components of UML in the first place.

[7] Jeffries. R., Anderson, A, Henderson, C. Extreme Programming Installed, Addison-Wesley, 2001.

This book was used to provide practical support on the aspects of extreme programming used when working on my project. A number of the techniques were of particular help (Story estimation - chapter 6; Quick design - chapter 10; Steering the iteration - chapter 20).

[8] Zwikael, O., Globerson, S. Benchmarking of project planning and success in selected industries. Benchmarking: An International Journal 13, no. 6 pp688-700, 2006.

A comparison of project planning in 4 different industries. It says that project planning is already of higher quality in the construction industry (compared with software, telematics and manufacturing) even without the software this project will provide.